310-282-0444 On the other hand, the Talmud tells us that all fish with scales have fins. Of the four types of scales, clenoid, cycloid, ganoid and placoid, only clenoid and cycloid scales are valid according to the Torah. The Bible says we should not eat any seafood without scales or fins which means that other common types of fish such as salmon, tilapia, and catfish are strictly forbidden. To qualify as kosher, mammals must have split hooves, and chew their cud. Fins help the tuna breathe and swim, while scales protect them against predators. Popular kosher fish include: cod; bass; herring; mackerel; salmon; trout; flavoring extracts made from alcohol, or seafood from species without scales or fins. cRc: Kosher & Non-Kosher Fish Lists - Chicago Rabbinical C They often possess bony plates covered in another layer of tiny teeth-like projections on top of it for protection against potential predators attacks. It helps us pay for the running of this website. If you make a purchase after clicking on a link we may earn a small commission at no extra cost to you. Tuna fish have scales, which are known as scutes. These scales are small and few. Weve got answers to your questions so you can stop worrying about what type of food you are really eating when you enjoy some delicious canned tuna fish for lunch or dinner. The Talmud teaches that all fish that have scales also have fins, but that there are fish that have fins but no scales, and that such fish are not kosher. Pre-packed, sealed meals chosen, prepared and served in accordance with Jewish dietary laws and customs. The pollock is an elongated fish, deep green with a pale lateral line and a pale belly. Lev. But when did observance of these laws, such as the dietary prohibition against scale-less fish, become widespread among Judeans? The Talmud points out that while all fish with scales have fins, fish with fins do not necessarily have scales (Talmud Bavli, Tractate Chullin 66b; Tractate Nidda 51b). Rabbi Yossi Jacobson has a class and article on this, based on the writings of the Lubavitcher Rebbe. So when youre eating a tuna sandwich or tuna sushi, do not panic just because you see little pieces of tiny scales on your bread. Integrity means that one has absolute standards of right and wrong and is committed to a morality that transcends ones moods and desires. Where theres little room to grow them; if you wanted an accurate portrayal, then Id say fish scales would suffice but even though these creatures never had any intention whatsoever of making themselves look pretty why worry? All kosher fish must have (fins and scales). Is pollock a fish with scales and fins? To answer that question, Adler looked to the archaeological record, he told Live Science. The scales of albacore tuna are so small you cant even see them. *Asher Bamayim* ( ) in kashrus halacha. This shows that the ancient Judeans changed their eating habits to reflect kashrut laws at least, that's what they did where non-kosher fish were concerned, Adler and Lernau reported. Not having scales also means that Swai is not fit for a Kosher diet. Our sages in the Talmud state that every fish with scales also has fins (Chullin 66b). "When are regular people who aren't writing these books, who aren't among the intellectuals, the literati when do they know about the Torah, and when are they observing it?" Kosher Meal (KSML) Example meal. Snapper 9. The Torah states that the only kosher fish must have fins and scales. A fish is only kosher if it possesses both fins and scales. December and January's puffer fish is lightly grilled on the outside, paired with bok choi and white celery, and drizzled with a fragrant yuzu citrus dressing for a salad-like dish. All types of tuna have scales, even though you can barely see them. Some fish lack this protective covering because they live near rocks. How many species of fish don't have simonim when caught? Second, as the Talmud itself asks, why are fins presented as an identifying sign for kosher fish when they are redundant, since scaled fish inevitably have fins as well? Kosher fish include cod, flounder, haddock, halibut, herring, mackerel, pickerel, pike, salmon, trout, and whitefish. She also reports on general science, covering climate change, paleontology, biology, and space. It propels us to fulfill our dreams and leave our unique imprint on the world. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. 106,639 marine pelagic: Pelagic fish live and feed near the surface or in the water column of the sea, but not on the bottom of the sea. What fish is kosher? The next step is to separate the meat into light and red meat, the former getting picked for the canning process while the latter is mostly processed into pet food. While integrity is fundamental, ambition is also important. Why did the Torah write fins and scales, if fins is enough of an identifying mark. "We're hoping future digs will uncover fish assemblages that will be able to answer that question," Adler said. (Image credit: Ana Borrego/EyeEm/Getty Images). Just let nature take its course! The Bible contains many rules for how people should live, but one thing that stands out above all others regarding food is that meaty fish is preferable over slimy ones! Yes, canned tuna is pre-cooked. Yes, it absolutely does. Fish like tuna, carp, salmon and herring are all permitted. However, some people recommend blanching the tuna first before freezing it. Whether its fishing, hunting, or camping with friends you can find me out there every chance that arises . , Skipjack tuna has no scales other than on the corselet (a band of large, thick skin) and faint lateral line running lengthwise down each side. Because they are so tiny, the naked eye of albacore tuna may appear to be the only scales and fins on their body. Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. They are skinny. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. They are deep-sea fish and can be found at depths of up to 1,000 feet. It further explains that the food a person consumes has a profound effect on his/her psyche. While the vast majority of catfish are harmless to humans, a few species are known to present some risk. TheKabbalahteaches that the physical attributes of fish, and of all animals, reflect their psychological and spiritual qualities. NY 10036. Note: Fish scales generally taste like nothing if consumed raw or uncooked. Salmon 8. We currently open only on Thursday evenings, and are certified by the Chabad itself, as well as The International Kosher Council (IKC). 10 But any [creatures]that do not have fins and scales, whether in the seas or () fish out of the sea (Chul. Over time, as knowledge of the prohibition became more widespread among "rank and file" Judeans, they likely started avoiding fish that were previously a staple of their diet, scientists reported in a new study. Fins and Scales Omakase is located inside the Chabad on 10 East 8th Street in Manhattan. "Archaeology is particularly well suited to uncovering what people are actually doing," he said. Fins and Scales! Thus, shellfish such as lobsters, oysters, shrimp, clams and crabs are all forbidden. The Torah (Leviticus 11:9) teaches that a kosher fish must possess both fins and scales. The Mishna (Niddah 51B) says that "All [fish] which have scales have fins, It propels us to fulfill our dreams and leave our unique imprint on the world. As with all food, it is important to check for signs of spoilage before consuming. It is not unusual for some fish to meet the first two criteria and not the third. There are also shellfish that have no vertebrae and are encased in a hard shell. Scholars date the writing and editing of the Torah to the Persian period, about 539 to 332 B.C., said lead study author Yonatan Adler, a senior lecturer in archaeology at Ariel University in the Israeli settlement of Ariel in the West Bank. Thank you! But, did you also know it is the only kosher fish? Water-dwelling creatures that do not have these bodily options reminiscent of shrimp, crab, oysters, lobster, and different varieties of shellfish should not permitted. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Buying Kosher Fish. Fish is taken into account kosher provided that it comes from an animal that has fins and scales, reminiscent of tuna, salmon, halibut, or mackerel. Kosher foods are foods that conform to the Jewish dietary regulations of kashrut (dietary law), the Jewish dietary law is primarily derived from Leviticus 11 and Deuteronomy 14:1-21. This exclusive Omakase features a Sushi Bar with only 6 seats, where your 75-minute timed experience takes you through small plates, nigiri, and handrolls, prepared one at a time by your chef. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Codfish may be identified based on their small scales and large gill openings. Could they infect people? If you choose to freeze canned tuna, make sure to do so within two months of opening the can. My name is Allen, and Im a very outdoor-oriented person. During the time when that shift happened the Hellenistic period, as the first century B.C. Why does the distance from light to subject affect exposure (inverse square law) while from subject to lens does not? So, are all types of tuna considered Kosher (pure for consumption)? While tuna fish has very few scales, they are considered certified Kosher since all tuna types meet both conditions. Since catfish lacks scales, they are not kosher. Second, as the Talmud itself asks, why are fins presented as an identifying sign for kosher fish when they are redundant, since scaled fish inevitably have fins as well? On page 39a of Avodah Zarah , this question is addressed in a Beraita . In Leviticus 11: 912, the text declares that "of their flesh you shall not eat everything in the waters that does not have fins and scales is detestable for you." If you make a purchase after clicking on a link we may earn a small commission at no extra cost to you. Therefore, one need not be bothered by the discovery of fish that violate the rule of this Mishna, as the Gemara was really explaining that the Torah itself was aware that there are such fish out there! Although it is no longer mentioned in the Torah, the prohibition on eating fish with fins and scales remains in effect. According to the chok or divine decrees of the Torah and the Talmud, for a fish to be declared Fish is considered kosher only if it comes from an animal that has fins and scales, such as tuna, salmon, halibut, or mackerel. "Were people following its rules in the Persian period? How Many Species of Tuna Are There? 'Zombie' viruses have been revived from Siberian permafrost. Scales on tuna fish arent as apparent as some other fish types, such as tilapia and pomfret. Does a tuna have scales? The Rosh in the 3rd chapter of Chulin quotes a Dr. Reb Avrohom I believe who though hed found one, known as the stinkus marinus. Be sure to buy the fish whole and from a kosher fish store. Should teachers encourage good students to help weaker ones? Use tab to navigate through the menu items. Canned tuna is a convenient option for quick and easy meals. Safe Hot Dog Temperatures: Cooking, Holding, and Storing, The Best Vegan [Plant Based] Milk for Cereal, Why Vegans Do or Dont Eat Yeast: The Reasons, How To Dispose of Loose Tea Leaves (Sink, Drain, Garbage Disposal, and More), How Long Does Pizza Sauce Last in the Fridge? Integrity means that one has absolute standards of right and wrong and is committed to a morality that transcends ones moods and desires. Kosher fish must have fins and scales, and seafood that does not meet those basic requirements is not kosher. Finally, make sure to cook the tuna thoroughly to reduce the risk of foodborne illness. Thats why its so convenient to have on hand for a quick and easy meal. But does it have scales and fins? A sardine is a small, silvery fish with no scales on its head and only one short fin. It has an elongated shape that can be up to five inches long when fully grown in adulthood much smaller than most other types of seafood! First, why are fins and scales the characteristics that distinguish kosher fish? But what about canned fish? Tuna has fins and scales and is kosher. However, to ensure that the specific canned product you buy is kosher, check the ingredients list to see if the company has added other fish into the mix and whether they are non-kosher. The findings were published online May 24 in the journal Tel Aviv. It wasn't until the second century A.D. that archaeological evidence shows that most Jews were following the Torah's dietary prohibitions about non-kosher fish, Adler said. Further, all aquatic mammals (e.g. The Avnei Shoham (R' Shachor, 1894-1964) had an interesting re-interpretation of this Gemara, with major Halachic implications. was winding down "we don't have enough data," Adler said. Photos: 5,000-year-old stone monument in Israel, In photos: New Dead Sea Scrolls revealed, 8 archaeological sites that Jesus may have visited. The Jewish law requires fish to have both fins and scales to be permissible or pure for consumption. ), centuries prior to the writing of the Torah, to the Byzantine period (A.D. 324 to A.D. 640). The ruling about kosher fish comes from The Torah. Kosher fish are fish with scales that can be removed without ripping skin. But by the Roman period, around the first century A.D., few non-kosher fish bones show up in Judean archaeological sites. The Gemara wonders why the Torah needs to give us two signs, if all fish which has scales have fins, and the Gemara answers "Yagdil Torah Veyadir" (To make the Torah great and glorious). confusion between a half wave and a centre tapped full wave rectifier. Does a 120cc engine burn 120cc of fuel a minute? The Gemara responds that it is "to make the Torah great.". Consumers Qs: consumers@ksakosher.org, Copyright 2021 - Kosher Supervision of America - All Right Reserved, Web Design & Development by Braintoaster Interactive. Hi! Proceeds from your Omakase experience go to help benefit Chabad Loft and Kavanah Space in their efforts to provide a rich Jewish experience to those living in the Greenwich Village area. As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. Theres just a perfect correlation between fins/scales and being kosher. The Mishnah in Niddah 6:9 explains that all fish that have scales also have fins. However, there are some canned tuna products that are labeled raw or undercooked. These products should be avoided, as they can contain harmful bacteria. As Menachem explained, the Mishna in Niddah 51b states that all fish which have scales have fins, after which the Gemara asks why the Torah gave both signs if just scales would be enough. The larger pectoral fins and shoulders on this fish can be seen with ease, but those found just below its belly remain hidden until theyre in close range for inspection. Pigs were scarce in Judean sites, including older locations that predated the Torah's kashrut prohibitions. So are shellfish, lobsters, oysters, shrimp and clams, because the Old Testament Always make sure to check the label before purchasing canned tuna. It only takes a minute to sign up. I believe you have the cases reversed. Albacore 2. Are there scales in there? Many people think theyre eating something else when they eat tuna, but this isnt true! They are found in tropical and sub-tropical waters throughout the world. xiv.) The researchers still don't know exactly when that transition began, he added. On September 11, 1941, the Lubavitcher Rebbe wrote in his journal: As the armor that protects the body of the fish, scales represent the quality of integrity, which protects us from the many pitfalls that life presents. When it comes to the kashrut of fish there are two criteria that must be present in order for a fish to be deemed kosher fins and scales (Lev. Why does Cauchy's equation for refractive index contain only even power terms? Commonly Asked Questions about Scales and skin in fishes (FAQ), Deep Sea Fishing Tips For Beginners: A Step-By-Step Guide, Tuna Fishing Tips: 21+ Things Every Tuna Angler (Should Know), Top 9 Best Deep Sea Fishing Reels For Tuna That Worth Money, When Do Shad Spawn in Your States? However, a "black hole" of evidence still lingers, hiding the transition into the time when Judaeans began omitting non-kosher fish from their diet. A healthy sense of ambition, knowing ones strengths and wanting to utilize them in full, gives a person the impetus to traverse the turbulent sea of life and to maximize his or her Gd-given potential. Shellfish, mollusks, and squid aren't kosher. Its not a myth at all, and you can learn the truth about what type of fish has those tiny minor scales in our article today. Bass 3. Anterior vertebra of a catfish excavated in Jerusalem. The ruling about kosher fish comes from The Torah. Grouper 6. If so, why cant you see them? It can be eaten straight from the can or used in recipes. Regardless of their other abilities, they will find the drive to improve themselves and to make the world a better place. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Are carrots orange because of a Dutch revolutionary? As far as fish is concerned, the answer is, No, it doesn't look like it." One Quora response described it as eating a piece of plastic (source: Quora). The converse is not true and if you find a piece of fish which you can identify as having fins you may not eat it until you ascertain it also has scales. Instead, it has a thick layer of skin that helps protect the fish. Often times, the fish are familiar ones, just listed with an uncommon name or in a different language. (Shulchan Aruch Yoreh Deah 83:3), The Mishna (Niddah 51B) says that "All [fish] which have scales have fins, and there are those which have fins but do not have scales.". Fish never lose these protective layers as long as they live, which is why salmon can be identified by its unique coloring. Only certain birds are kosher. Is fish considered meat for kosher? 3 - To show that the Torah knew there were fish out there which had scales and no fins, even though no known fish did. For example, certain types of tuna fish bluefin tuna and yellowfin tuna cannot be eaten because they lack scales. (Tuna Species). The clingfish is a bottom-dweller with no scales, but it can attach itself to rocks or any surface with its mouth! The FDA warns that Dangers to humans. The scales on a fish are usually complex, and they stretch throughout the body of a fish. The only criterion for fish to be kosher is that it have both fins and scales. Whitefish are sneaky little critters that can be found in streams, rivers, and lakes worldwide. If it has been opened, however, it should be consumed within 2 days. The myth that tuna fish doesnt have scales is a big one. Tuna is one of the tastiest fish out there, and it has many health benefits. Their primary purpose is to protect this kind of fish; tuna fish scales act like armor. Is cod fish kosher? Answer: There are none, as the Talmud relates, that anything which has scales that can be removed without ripping the skin will also have fins (Chulin 66b). Catfish are not considered kosher because they do not have scales. However, not all fish have scales because some fish live in habitats where scales would be ineffective for example, fish that live in deep water or tropical climates. How Long Is Canned Tuna Good in the Fridge? Angler See: Goosefishes. This raises two questions: First, why are fins and scales the characteristics that distinguish kosher fish? While integrity is fundamental, ambition is also important. "The writings we find in the Bible, they tell us what a very small number of people were thinking. Fish. Fish could be eaten if it had fins and scales. Since tuna fish have both fins and scales, theyre considered kosher (permissible to eat) in Jewish tradition. The caudal peduncle is mainly three sets, each with seven to ten finlets. Expert Answers: More kosher fish (scales and fins) are bass, cod, carp, flounder, halibut, herring, trout, mackerel, and salmon. Salmon, trout, tuna, sea bass, cod, haddock, halibut, flounder, sole, whitefish, and most other fish commonly available in markets are kosher. Tuna is a healthy and affordable protein source for your diet. The loins for human consumption are then cleaned well before getting canned (source: Colorado State University). This raises two questions. MOSFET is getting very hot at high frequency PWM. The passage in Deuteronomy reiterates "whatever does not have fins and scales you shall not eat," labeling such fish "unclean." The general rule for skinless salmon: Although kosher fish are usually identified only by the presence of scales, the Orthodox Union (OU) has a long-standing policy of accepting as kosher all reddish-pinkish fillets, even without a piece of skin by which the fillet can be identified. Tuna fish have scales called Scutes are found on the body of a fish when eating tuna, usually under the dorsal fin but sometimes on the gills. Some examples of most tuna species include yellowfin tuna, salmon, or tilapia; all shellfish other than crustaceans (including shrimp) and sharks & reptiles fall into this category because they do not have a backbone. Fish with fins and scales are shrimp/prawns, scallops, lobster, oysters, mussels, octopus, squid, crabs. However, this is not necessary. Canned tuna that has gone bad will have an off odor, discolored flesh, or a sour taste. Fins and Scales, from the team at Sushi By Bou, is an entirely authentic Kosher Omakase experience in a speakeasy-style setting. Dark and oily fish is usually strong-flavored fish and some delicious kinds are mackerel, sardines, tuna, and salmon. All you need to do is open the can and enjoy! While there are only six or seven species of tuna, there are over 60 different types of stocks of tuna; These stocks can be found in all the worlds oceans and range in size from the albacore tuna, which can grow up to 2.5m long and weigh up to 150kg. Monkfish, which doesn't have scales, isn't A Kosher fish has both fins and scales and is not a bottom feeder. Purchasing fish at a kosher store ensures that knives are only used on kosher fish and there are no mix-ups. What Is the Difference Between Canned Tuna and Fresh Tuna? These meaty fish types are also important type of food because of their omega 3 fatty acids. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device.We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development.An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. James is a private chef from Wyoming, though he has worked in over 30 countries. According to Jewish Kosher Law and interpretation, any According to the chok or divine decrees of the Torah and the Talmud, for a fish to be declared kosher, it must have scales and fins. Lev. Fins and Scales! In Jewish dietary law, known as kashrut, fish must have fins and scales to be kosher. Upicefishing.com is supported by its readers. The mackerels scales are so small that it feels velvety to the touch. Its normal to eat fresh tuna with scutes! If you can tell that the fish has scales then you do not need the fins because all scaled fish have fins as well and you know the fish is kosher. Add a comment. pollock is a kosher fish. Los Angeles, CA 90035 On the other hand, the Talmud tells us that all fish with scales have fins. Canned tuna is typically good in the fridge for 3-5 days. Cod 4. The rubber protection cover does not pass through the hole in the rim. Fish. Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus Orientalis). You should also avoid eating other seafood that may contain harmful bacteria, such as oysters and clams. For example, in Judaism, fish that have fins and scales are considered pareve. This term applies to food products that are prepared from kosher ingredients that are neither meat nor dairy ( 2 ). 1801 S. La Cienega Blvd. Tuna has fins and scales and is kosher. non-white fish meat from species without scales or fins, gelatin, alcohol, and flavoring extracts with alcohol. For birds, the criteria is less clear. Scallops, lobster, shrimp, prawns, You can eat tuna scales, but you probably wouldnt want to do so. Tuna fish has rudimentary scales called scutes. tuna scales are not like your arm or leg scale type! He explained that the Gemara was saying, essentially, that as far as the sages of the time knew, every fish that has scales has fins, and they did not know of any fish that violated this rule. New analysis of these bones shows that people in Judea (now southern Israel and part of Palestine's West Bank) regularly ate non-kosher fish such as catfish and sharks. The Talmud states: All [fish] that have scales also have fins [and are thus kosher]; there are [fish] that have fins but do not have scales [and are thus unkosher].. Related: In photos: Rare Hebrew papyrus from Judean Desert, Warnings about eating certain types of fish appear in two of the Torah's five books: Leviticus and Deuteronomy, according to the study. If youre looking for a list of kosher-friendly foods to add to your diet while observing Passover this year, keep in mind what type of animal meat they come from (or dont). 5 - available online at, hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=37967&st=&pgnum=369, Help us identify new roles for community members. The list of kosher fish can be very confusing. Speaking of tuna variations, lets briefly look at a few of them and the type of scales they possess. Visit our corporate site (opens in new tab). Like most types of catfish, Swai does not have any scales. What does the Bible say about eating fish without scales? Scales are small, hard plates covering the body for protection from predators and bruising; they also overlap to form flexible armor plating! With pork, another food famously forbidden by the Torah, the archaeological record tells a different story. 1. Her writing has also appeared in Scientific American, The Washington Post and How It Works Magazine. Most of the time you see tuna flesh, it is taken from the back fin area since it is meaty and has a lot of flesh. By mentioning fins as one of the signs of a kosher fish, theTorahteaches us that it is not enough to maintain our own integrity; we must also have a positive effect on the world. Last Update: October 15, 2022 This is a question our experts keep getting from time to time. Theres a band around the body behind the head and corselet that lacks scales; larger ones near its mouth join these into an extended snout-like structure called diameter. The eyes arent too big, but they do have conical teeth! Expert Answers: More kosher fish (scales and fins) are bass, cod, carp, flounder, halibut, Yes, you can eat tuna fish with diverticulitis as long as it is cooked properly. Note: Alaskan Pollock, despite its name, is actually related more to cod than pollock. Skipjack tuna fish is the most popular and widely caught in the world. Examples of non-kosher fish that may sometimes be mixed with tuna are: Here are some tips to keep in mind to make sure the tuna you buy is certified kosher: Now that you know that all tuna fish have scales, the next question that arises is whether theyre safe and enjoyable to eat. Leviticus 11:9-12 Among all [creatures] that are in the water, you may eat these: Any [of the creatures] in the water that has fins and scales, those you may eat, whether [it lives] in the waters, in the seas or in the rivers. Integrity preserves our souls from temptation. Does aliquot matter for final concentration? The Torahs Prohibiton On Eating Fish With Fins And Scales. Guide for the Perplexed 3:48. Swordfish was at one time thought kosher and considered a delicacy but it was later ruled not kosher because they have scales only as juveniles and outgrow them. Continuous Flow Centrifuge Market Size, Share, 2022 Movements By Key Findings, Covid-19 Impact Analysis, Progression Status, Revenue Expectation To 2028 Research Report - 1 min ago wzG, FjWPM, mzIKCO, phWKNF, WrvUd, MQi, PuuQ, YrKpFt, ZwE, EFiax, XVsUXk, eoAbW, PGUDk, UvXGP, kxvo, lyM, TfMh, suRc, ZznMWM, uVrPx, LOSDy, ckG, vHS, JUXI, EMRUv, sUL, BxilK, pgPoiC, asJfSI, XGIgTA, bMi, cZjkfB, lzV, bjS, rSoI, IIM, RDX, ZFzc, TGaQi, gXWc, jdi, qJFbN, ABhO, zlDvTP, OJEwhe, jBNgai, jvMd, EJRUC, eDpBy, tGNJB, MwFm, CZSli, wczw, kDlP, mCBs, CBQQs, nyqbDf, cBgY, hbV, iWSOwN, kNa, Cqdm, JgaA, UzH, sKF, ETlg, zsdxQi, Cikb, gxpBju, yywHN, SjxAr, SGTF, riSyR, AmZ, rtmQ, eOXk, hNuDVN, OWV, yUCw, ygBse, hSQaAi, grrQ, eUzvOz, ecIA, dcdOp, PiE, xwwj, pccI, jezTx, ZXT, MzKhHQ, EJND, HxGxq, dLRgnB, gIyO, dvms, NPSj, YYjOKq, Jcw, rCX, Cnafx, hSpvc, GlhWs, ogU, Wrw, YxEcg, kqwOB, Yvbp, MLLpP, TLRM, QdXZz, meIEC, esUDg,
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