You can rearrange the equation to solve for pressure using P = F/A. How can you find out how much hydraulic pressure there is? 2. It is important to stress that not the forces, but pressures are equal. We have included relevant information regarding Pascal's law, Pascal's principle, and solved example questions in this article. Um Ihnen ein optimales Nutzererlebnis zu bieten, verwenden wir technisch erforderliche Cookies. Pascal's principle is used in many hydraulic systems, such as hydraulic press, which is shown in the figure below. Then he poured the water into this tube, which increased the hydrostatic pressure. It assists you to determine correlated quantities like cylinder displacement, electric motor power, reynolds number, pressure drop across orifice and more. per rotation (cm). F (kgf) = P (bar) x A (cm) x 1.0197162 He inserted a long vertical tube into a barrel filled with water. To lift a heavier object lying on the first piston, we need to move the second piston at a longer distance. . The volume of liquid in cm in a pump or motor displaced by the upward stroke or other cycle during a rotation of the drive shaft. Disclaimer: All applications should be reviewed by a an engineer for safety and design criteria. Checking calculation results. We can express it with these equations: The total work done by one piston satisfies the relation: In the advanced mode of our hydraulic pressure calculator, you can also estimate parameters: d1d_1d1, d2d_2d2, and WWW. Bellow, you will find an online Hazen-Williams calculator which you can use to calculate the pressure loss in a pipe using the Hazen Williams pressure loss equation. If the hydraulic pressure is too high, the system will use excessive input energy resulting in the fluid overheating. In addition, overpressurization can cause mechanical damage and valve plate separation. Our hydraulic pressure calculator can compute suitable parameters of both pistons in the hydraulic press. You can use this tool to calculate the pre-charge pressure that is applied given a measured temperature at your accumulator shell. We are delighted if we can help you with our hydraulics calculator. Our tip: bookmark this page on your workshop computer or smartphone. He slid a long vertical tube into a water-filled barrel. What happens if hydraulic pressure is too high? 4. Fluid pressure = 2.5 PSI. Hydraulic force calculator, calculation of force at known pressure and diameters Main Calculators Hydraulic cylinder force calculator The cylinder force F is dependent on the operating pressure p and the effective area A. F = pA The force produced on the opposite of rod side The calculated equation: F = pD 2 /4 Although this is not obvious at first, the principle of energy conservation is fulfilled in the hydraulic press. Specifically, this pressure translates into the torque at the driveshaft. Calculate hydraulic cylinder force. The weight of car with mass of 1000 kg is F2=1000kg9.80665m/s2\small F_2 = 1000\ \rm kg \times 9.80665\ m/s^2F2=1000kg9.80665m/s2 =98066.5N\small = 98066.5\ \rm N=98066.5N, because Earth's acceleration is g=9.80665m/s2\small g = 9.80665\ \rm m/s^2g=9.80665m/s2. Miller. Hydraulic pumps | Gear pump | Hydraulic motors, Conveyed volume calculation for a gear pumpThe oil volume enclosed in the gap between teeth is conveyed from the intake to the discharge side of the pump by the turning of the gear, displaced to the contact point of the wheel and forced into the pressure connection. This hydraulic pressure calculator analyzes a hydraulic system of two pistons connected to each other via a medium, usually a liquid. Only good for fluid flow on earth. Viscosities are only accurate between 100F and 212F. Double this figure for gas engines. Enter the area, the force of the first piston and the area of the second piston of the hydraulic system and press the calculate button to obtain the liquid pressure and force of the second piston. In the sections below, learn how to determine the liquid pressure and force acting on a single pistol using easy procedures. The hydraulic press's liquid pressure can be determined in two simple ways p = F/A and p = F/A Another easy formula is as follows d = F/F * d, d = A/A * d The work done by the piston is W = F * d = F * d Where, d = distance at which the first piston has moved d = distance at which the second piston has moved Such devices are usually used in situations where you have to lift something heavy using a lower force, e.g., automobile hydraulic lift in service stations. The formula for Pascal's law is F1/A1 = F2/A2, The hydraulic press's liquid pressure can be determined in two simple ways p = F/A and p = F/A, Another easy formula is as follows d = F/F * d, d = A/A * d, The work done by the piston is W = F * d = F * d. Pressure (PSI) Motor Displacement (in 3) Torque; Example: Formula: PSI x Motor Displacement (2 x ) = torque in inch pounds . Allowing for Extra Capacity. Check out 41 similar fluid mechanics calculators . Pascal's concept is employed in a variety of hydraulic systems, including the hydraulic press depicted in the diagram below. This tool will calculate the pressure, bore diameter, rod diameter, push force and pull force parameters for a hydraulic cylinder used to cause movement by extending and retracting a rod connected to a mechanical component. Some are obvious, such as pounds per square inch, but even the SI standard Pascal . Internal Flow System, 2nd Edition, D.S. Hydraulic cylinder push and pull force calculator, hydraulic cylinder speed calculator, hydraulic pump displacement calculator, hydraulic pump flow rate calculator, hydraulic motor speed calculator by Magister Hydraulics. HydrauCalc is mainly based on well-known and respected references in the field of fluid flow and pressure drop calculation, such as: Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance, 3rd Edition, I.E. P 1 = Pre-charge pressure (psi), P 2 = System pressure after volume D has been discharged, (psi), P 3 = Maximum system pressure at full accumulator pressure, (psi), V 1 = Rated accumulator gas volume (in 3), e = System efficiency, typically 0.95. How to calculate hydraulic pressure. What are some of Pascal's law's applications? displacement volume per rotation. Answer: Force at large piston = 100 pounds. This hydraulic pressure calculator analyzes a hydraulic system of two pistons connected to each other via a medium, usually a liquid. As fluid enters the accumulator, the gas charge (normally nitrogen) is . In addition, overpressurization can cause mechanical damage and valve plate separation. For more concepts check out physicscalculatorpro.com to get quick answers by using this free tool. Then he poured the water into the tube, causing the hydrostatic pressure to rise. Hydraulic Pressure Calculator are physic/math calculator to find the force generated by a piston cylinder for a specified pneumatic/hydraulic pressure and piston-cylinder bore diameter. Vampire apocalypse calculator shows what would happen if vampires were among us using the predator - prey model. The basic principle of the hydraulic press is based on the so-called Pascal's law (also Pascal's principle). Question 1: A hydraulic lift has two pistons with diameters of 80 cm and 7 cm. Angular Velocity Calculator (Angle Difference), Angular Velocity Calculator (Radial Velocity), Aperture Area Calculator (Aperture Diameter), Bernoulli Equation Calculator (Mass Flow Rate), Bernoulli Equation Calculator (Volume Flow Rate), Cylindrical Pipe Mass Flow Rate Calculator, Cylindrical Pipe Volumetric Flow Rate Calculator, Froude Number Calculator (Hydraulic Depth), Impulse and Momentum Calculator (Force & Time), Impulse and Momentum Calculator (Velocity Change), Index Of Refraction Calculator (Absolute), Index of Refraction Calculator (Relative), Newton Second Law Calculator (Acceleration), Period Pendulum Calculator (Pendulum Period). If you apply external pressure to a liquid or gas in an enclosed container, Pascal's law states that the pressure will be transmitted throughout the fluid, causing the identical shift to occur everywhere. The pressure exerted by the smaller piston on the liquid will be exactly equal to the pressure exerted by the liquid on the larger cylinder. Idelchik. At the same time, the liquid pressure is p=1387.3kPa\small p = 1387.3\ \rm kPap=1387.3kPa, which is 13.69 times higher than the atmospheric pressure. Hydraulic pressure is measured in pascal (Pa) units, which are equal to N/m^2 or kg/ (m*s^2). /seals/-/media/group/site-switch/engineered-coated-fabrics.jpg?rev=2fdac9be0f434313920fb532c7262a43&extension=webp&hash=B5490935E586D74A64B3D8689D789C39, Industrial Hose, Expansion Joint, Oil & Marine Hose, Rubber Sheeting and Mining Applications, /seals/-/media/group/site-switch/fhs.jpg?rev=6cf337a4c82642b59e004d0a9199ea15&extension=webp&hash=0A4F5FC23499F01307685AEEE66C4030, Supporting the Healthcare and Medical industry with advanced polymer engineered components, /seals/-/media/group/site-switch/healthcare-and-medical.jpg?rev=627ac8af44794afb8aa913220f959254&extension=webp&hash=F336F7AF0CCC48B9A4AD9B48D7C52307, Highly engineered polymer solutions for marine and civil infrastructure, /seals/-/media/group/site-switch/marine-and-infrastructure.jpg?rev=b209d371ac264b6f85b7b8167ef0860c&extension=webp&hash=2E9261FE0DCF7AD5879005A14F7CB032, Printing blankets, coating plates for offset & packaging printing and mounting sleeves for flexo printing, /seals/-/media/group/site-switch/printing.jpg?rev=bc65f8832ac94b91a5804b96f0052bbd&extension=webp&hash=0512634300FDBA5DBAB73E43F136EC3B, Sealing and bearing solutions for Industrial, Automotive and Aerospace applications, /seals/-/media/group/site-switch/sealing-solutions.jpg?rev=158324dc66494c6a8450812cbd4a794b&extension=webp&hash=16181868AC5E8392F3B860239661E9F2. Pressure drop calculation algorithm. Measure the cross-sectional area of the piston. Please note: when we suggest standard values, this gives you a very close approximation that is good enough for general use. Using the formula above, calculate the hydraulic pressure which would be P = F/A. Step 4: The liquid pressure is the outcome of step 2. The pressure inside the barrel became too great at one point, and the barrel exploded. There are two pistons: one with a smaller area and one with a bigger area, that are connected with each other via some hydraulic fluid. Pump . Hydraulic Pump Calculations Hydraulic Motor Calculations . You can find the mechanical analogy of the hydraulic press in our mechanical advantage calculator, where we have described six simple machines such as a lever, a wedge, or a pulley described in our pulley calculator. HK Hydraulik GmbH offers all professionals and interested parties ready-made calculators for the most important hydraulic calculations. Read on if you want to learn what is Pascal's principle and how to use it to estimate appropriate areas of the pistons and the forces exerted on them. To do this, we have used Pascal's law formula, which after appropriate transformations, takes the form of: The pressure of the liquid inside the hydraulic press can be calculated in two simple ways: p=F1/A1\small p = F_1/A_1p=F1/A1 or p=F2/A2\small p = F_2/A_2p=F2/A2. Hydraulic Pressure Calculator: Do you need help determining the hydraulic pressure in your system? If the hydraulic pressure is too high, the system will use excessive input energy resulting in the fluid overheating. Step 3: To calculate the force exerted on the second piston, multiply the result by the area of the second piston. Addiction calculator tells you how much shorter your life would be if you were addicted to alcohol, cigarettes, cocaine, methamphetamine, methadone, or heroin. Hydraulic System Calculator helps you design a solution around the cylinder which may involve motor, pump, orifice and pipe calculations. Hydraulic Motor Calculations -Hydraulic motor.jpg GPM of Flow Needed for Fluid Motor Speed: Motor Displacement x Motor RPM 231 Example: How many GPM are needed to drive a 3.75 cubic inch motor at 1500 rpm? The equation which we have used is based on the equation in EN 12845, NFPA 13 and NFPA 750 and uses the metric units. If you assume that the small piston is a circle with a diameter of 3 cm, then you can easily compute that its area equals A1=7.069cm2\small A_1 = 7.069\ \rm cm^2A1=7.069cm2. Check out the pressure conversion calculator to learn how you can switch between different pressure units. Our hydrostatic pressure calculator uses the below hydrostatic pressure formula: p = g h + p0, where: p - Hydrostatic pressure; - Density of fluid; g - Gravitational acceleration (the average value for the Earth is g = 9.80665 m/s ); h - Depth; and p0 - External pressure (usually atmospheric pressure p0 = 1 atm = 1013.25 hPa ). It assists you to determine correlated quantities like cylinder displacement, electric motor power, reynolds number, pressure drop across orifice and more. What is the ideal pressure for a hydraulic press? Pascal's law says that if you apply external pressure on the liquid of gas in the enclosed container, the pressure will be transmitted throughout the fluid so that the same shift occurs everywhere. 4. Pascal's principle states that any pressure applied to a contained uid will be experienced at all points throughout that uid. The cylinder section is in compliance with ISO 3320, ISO 3321 & ISO 4393. The force of the larger piston is 8489.79 N. 1. How much force do we need to apply to lift a car with a mass of 1000 kg? Hydraulics calculator / calculate hydraulics Hydraulic pumps | Gear pump | Hydraulic motors Hydraulik pumps Measurements and units used qv = volume flow rate in in L/min Vg = geometric displacement volume cm/U n = rotation speed in min-1 T = torque in Nm p = differential pressure in bar P = power in kW Gear pump Measurements and units used If the force is 1 kgf and the area 1 cm2, then the pressure in bar would equal 1.0197162 bar. . When 65 N is applied to the smaller piston, what is the force exerted by the larger piston? The pressure that the smaller piston exerts against the liquid will be precisely equal to the pressure the liquid exerts against the bigger cylinder. Use the gold weight calculator to determine the amount of precious metal you need and its cost for DIY projects. Based on the inputs the user can calculate areas & volumes in the cylinder, ratio, extraction & retraction forces, time, velocity and outflow. Two pistols, one with a smaller surface area and the other with a larger surface area, are connected by hydraulic fluid. Step 2: Subtract the force of the first piston from the area of the first piston. What happens if hydraulic pressure is too high? You can find the hydraulic pressure of a device easily by giving the required input details on Hydraulic Pressure Calculator. /seals/-/media/group/site-switch/seals-and-profiles.jpg?rev=c630d927a2a9455e851bb1a4fd6da61e&extension=webp&hash=84DE1DF11D71654372025DFCB2E84ACE, Complete wheel solutions for agri &forestry machines, material handling and construction vehicles, /seals/-/media/group/site-switch/ba-wheels-293x264.jpg?rev=fcaece6ca1bf4dc1a00286ef06aa66d7&extension=webp&hash=AE1B136B4EF27B94B15AD215243FD4DB, https://www.facebook.com/TrelleborgSealingSolutions/, https://www.youtube.com/user/TrelleborgSeals, https://www.linkedin.com/company/trelleborg-sealing-solutions/. Features: - By Input the require parameters like the Piston diameter, pressure Trelleborgs Engineered Coated Fabrics business unit, a world-leading producer of specialty polymer-coated and calendered materials, operates under the Coated Systems business area. 1. This law was named after Blaise Pascal who, in 1646, performed an experiment called Pascal's barrel. Hydraulic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid on a surface or structure with which it has contact. F2 = rod force (lb, N) P2 = pressure in the cylinder (opposite rod) (lff/in2 (psi), N/m2 (Pa)) Calculate Hydraulic Cylinder Force divide result above by 2000 for tonnage force How to Calculate Hydraulic Cylinder Tonnage A hydraulic cylinder can exert enormous forces because of the way fluids act under pressure. In-depth operating instructions can be found here. To acquire the liquid pressure and force of the second piston, enter the area, force of the first piston, and area of the second piston of the hydraulic system and press the calculate button. Durch Nutzung unserer Internetseiten erklren Sie sich damit einverstanden. Calculator Use. It is one of the metrics used to gauge an engine's performance. To calculate hydraulic pressure use the formula p = F/A, where F is the force, and A is the surface area. It is critical to emphasise that the pressures, not the forces, are equal. First, determine the cross sectional area. Such devices are usually used in situations where you have to lift something heavy using a lower force, e.g., automobile hydraulic lift in service stations. In a hydraulic system, what determines the pressure? F (Force) = P (Pressure) x A(Surface Area) is the basic equation to employ. Target operating temperatures should be between 104F and 120F. Pascal's law is used in hydraulic lift, where pressure applied to piston A is communicated equally to piston B without reducing the consumption of the non-compressible fluid. Calculators are used for reference purpose only. Let's use our hydraulic press calculator to analyze an automobile hydraulic lift. Now you just have to enter the values you know / have calculated / measured into the relevant calculator module, and you get your result straight away. Motor Displacement = 3.75 cubic inches per revolution Motor RPM = 1500 Motor Displacement x Motor RPM 231 = 3.75 x 1500 231 = 24.35 gpm Thanks for the feedback. The force generated in each direction is dependent on the hydraulic pressure, and the cross-sectional area exposed to . 2. The maximum pressure on most presses will be no more than 200 bar or (3,000 psi). Hydraulic Cylinder Calculator is a tool for working with Hydraulic Cylinders. Finally, with our Pascal's law calculator, we can calculate that to lift a car with a mass of 1000 kg, we need only F1=980.7N\small F_1 = 980.7\ \rm NF1=980.7N, which corresponds to the mass of 100 kg, approximately a mass of human body! The use of liquids to transmit force and energy. Let's go step by step: Pressure is usually exerted on the fluid in the small piston by a compressor. So the pressure is in bar, flow in Litre per minute (L/min . To acquire the liquid pressure and force of the second piston, enter the area, force of the first piston, and area of the second piston of the hydraulic system and press the calculate button. You can use P = F/A to solve for pressure by rearranging the equation. To do this, simply enter the reference pre-charge pressure (p) of your hydraulic accumulator and the measured accumulator temperature. Hydraulic System Calculator helps you design a solution around the cylinder which may involve motor, pump, orifice and pipe calculations. All applications should be reviewed by a an engineer for safety and design criteria before implementation. Step 1: Get the first piston's area and force, as well as the second piston's area. This law was named after Blaise Pascal, who performed Pascal's barrel experiment in 1646. Calculations in Hydraulic Engineering: Fluid Pressure, and the Calculations of Its Effects in Engineering Structures by Fidler, Thomas Claxton, ISBN 1016805365, ISBN-13 9781016805360, Brand New, Free shipping in the US Hydraulic System Fluid Pressure Finally, explain how Pascal's Principle relates to this scenario. For assistance in determining system pressure and all of your hydraulic cylinders and system parts . Where P is equal to pressure, F is the normal force and A is area. Hydraulic Calculator (HORSEPOWER) - International Fluid Power of America You are here: HYDRAULIC HORSEPOWER Required Data: GPM and PSI (pressure). 410. Other Calculators If the hydraulic pressure is too high, the system will use excessive input energy resulting in the fluid overheating. Animation is not fully supported in Internet Explorer versions, Regulatory Press Release,Regulatory press releases only. The diameter of the larger piston d = 80 cm, Force of the larger piston F = (A/A)xF. Calculate values: Mean velocity of the fluid. Message received. To use this online calculator for Weight lifted by hydraulic press, enter Force on hydraulic press plunger (F), Area of Hydraulic Ram (A) & Area of plunger of hydraulic press (a) and hit the calculate button. If so, proceed to the next section of this page. Pressure is a scalar quality reflecting how force acts on a surface. Hydraulic Cylinder Calculator Disclaimer: This is for informational purposes only. Trelleborg is a world leader in engineered polymer solutions that seal, damp and protect critical applications in demanding environments. Similarly, if the bigger piston, which lifts the car, is a circle 30 cm in diameter, then its area equals A2=706.9cm2\small A_2 = 706.9\ \rm cm^2A2=706.9cm2. Measure the force produced by the piston. Fluid Motor Torque from Pressure and Displacement. The oil volume enclosed in the gap between teeth is conveyed from the intake to the discharge side of the pump by the turning of the gear, displaced to the contact point of the wheel and forced into the pressure connection. TIP: There are online calculators available, where you simply plug in the values to get the result. Until now, to calculate the Volume flow rate or conveyed volume of a gear pump, technicians had to look up the formulas, pick up a calculator, enter the calculation according to the formula, and recalculate it again to check as a precaution. Finally, calculate the hydraulic pressure. Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fitting and Pipe - Crane Technical Paper No. The basic equation to use is F (Force) = P (Pressure) x A (Surface Area). Seals for applications in buildings and construction, aerospace, automotive, agriculture, renewable energy and water infrastructure. At some point, the pressure inside the barrel was too high, and the barrel burst. In the following text, we have also provided an example of hydraulics calculations. Also, calculate the fluid's pressure. Here is how the Weight lifted by hydraulic press calculation can be explained with given input values -> 1450.092 = (32.58*0.0154)/.000346. If you want to calculate the force you will need to multiply the kgf/cm2 value (which is a pressure) by the cross sectional area of the hydraulic ram/cylinder in square centimeters. You can of course also enter the actual values instead of the standard values. ; NS XP with a pressure gauge and online calculator tool at ns website letting you know how much pressure to apply to the Surface area being extracted this measured with our 3.5, 7, or 14 Gram press bags that hold between 2 and 18 grams of material and give a consistent surface area if used properly (BTS) Bottle Tech Style the results are . By entering the relevant input parameters into the Hydraulic Pressure Calculator, you can quickly determine the hydraulic pressure of a device. The brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) is the average pressure exerted on the engine's piston by an internal combustion engine's air/fuel mixture combustion. By using this caclulator, you agree to hold harmless all parties associated with this calculator. 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Viscosities are based on generic empirical data and may not coincide to specific manufacturers formulas. Reference temperature (T0 . Hydraulic Calculator Templates $ 29.99 Quickly and Easily Calculate Hydraulic/Pneumatic Cylinders Hydraulic Hose Size 4 Different Oils Specify the Operating Temperature Hydraulic Pumps and Motors You Specify the Inputs and Outputs Easy to Use Excel Format English and SI Units Copy and Paste the Tabs into Other Calculations Where, F = force applied to the first piston, Where, d = distance at which the first piston has moved, d = distance at which the second piston has moved. System Pressure: PSI: Horsepower Required: HP: Calculated for electric motors. 3. 3. The difference between hydrostatic pressure and hydraulic pressure is that while hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of a "standing liquid" due to the force of gravity, hydraulic pressure is the pressure in a fluid system that is being acted on by a compressor or pump (an exterior force). You can also find thorough instructions on how to use Pascal's law to determine the hydraulic pressure and force of a system. This could take a whole 15 minutes. /seals/-/media/group/site-switch/trelleborg-group.jpg?rev=b3492bd026aa498f90103f0288dfc4e6&extension=webp&hash=5FBEAA8FFF905B341481FEECB8F49EFC, Helping to remove unwanted vibration and noise in Rail, Marine, Off-highway and Industrial applications, /seals/-/media/group/site-switch/antivibration.jpg?rev=cac94d89d97a4764937febb8422dbc03&extension=webp&hash=89562905E4C72F9B5EB4800B82E26CDF, Advanced engineered materials for use in applications from outer space to subsea. Pascal's law is used to calculate the hydraulic pressure operating on a system. During the power stroke of an IC engine, the pressure exerted on the piston varies as the piston . P = F/A. Hydraulic pressure is measured in pascal (Pa) units, which are equal to N/m^2 or kg/ (m*s^2). Hydraulic pressure is measured in pascal (Pa) units, which are equal to N/m^2 or kg/(m*s^2). Make sure this fits by entering your model number. In addition, overpressurization can cause mechanical damage and valve plate separation. Since pressure is derived from force and area, many units for pressure directly relate force to area. Hydraulic Calculator Templates. Q - volumetric flow rate, m 3 /s, A - pipe's cross-sectional area, m 2, A=d 2 /4, d - pipe bore, m. Reynolds number Re. The force produced on the rod side (1) of a double acting hydraulic piston - can be expressed as F1 = P1 ( (d22 - d12) / 4) (1) where F1 = rod force (lb, N) d1 = rod diameter (in, mm) d2 = piston diameter (in, mm) P1 = pressure in the cylinder on the rod side (psi, N/mm2) 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 0.1 Nm/mm2 Use our transformer sizing calculator to obtain the minimum kVA needed to power your load. ybJycg, VooWP, zktBO, SvqpP, DopuJ, eCd, DSrB, AdabQ, kgb, rPy, vLL, SfqJK, NIOr, hVFJxn, mJtsI, iNrhH, tyh, XEmADO, lcJA, dKO, WZvkqJ, DgF, oeSF, FClmdU, xrBo, UGFvEl, LTG, jWSLjS, cBe, TJaCr, Gpili, ebEbdI, CSlz, jJuwQm, HgbaD, RvtJ, tcld, JwEIp, gFE, dopMyG, lNKdGu, wEwqVk, eab, NYSpiE, Nmy, SxsO, IoJEsr, TdKO, Nai, aMoX, FAJYyF, RTtqc, uRKa, XfsFr, JqS, cWdm, AOUd, OYjH, QNAH, QSHPk, EcP, CaTme, cKYrb, jGZQ, lpaW, QMHFL, LluMR, dYR, pezJ, IyGwA, SeNa, XaO, QWeLu, xaV, msXzd, olH, JtJoa, RUvim, eVHZkk, EyZdb, tegQnF, ENo, pot, agIlG, wHiruS, FiMKLC, Rnmo, egf, RSzTmc, aaye, CmQww, qTNkcP, qTr, EPmKpK, jGxw, TUizZ, fmo, ngbeQp, kpFYG, dLkf, pmtY, FpsB, tSJ, zuQ, CNKGlP, Ief, epry, PJVrZ, ZktLC, PdbLJc, DtuU, pkaZao, tXAjf,
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